The cardia is a crucial anatomical structure located at the junction between the esophagus and the stomach. It plays a fundamental role in the digestive process by regulating the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach and preventing the reflux of stomach contents back into the esophagus.

Anatomy and Function: The cardia is a specialized area of the stomach characterized by the presence of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), a muscular valve that contracts to close off the esophagus and relaxes to allow food to enter the stomach. This sphincter helps maintain pressure within the stomach and prevents acid reflux, a common cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Role in Health and Disease: A healthy cardia is essential for proper digestion and the prevention of gastrointestinal disorders. Dysfunction of the cardia, such as LES incompetence or weakness, can lead to GERD, Barrett’s esophagus, esophageal strictures, or other complications. Conditions like hiatal hernia can also affect the cardia’s function and contribute to reflux symptoms.

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Interventions: Evaluation of the cardia and LES function often involves diagnostic tests such as upper endoscopy, esophageal manometry, and pH monitoring. Treatment options for cardia-related disorders may include lifestyle modifications, medications to reduce acid production, endoscopic procedures like fundoplication, or surgical interventions to reinforce the LES.